Have family arguments and the divorce rate gone up over the lockdown period? Partners of those who were retired complained of twice as much partner time, but half as much income.
Has this compulsory WFH experience been a joy to those with a life outside the office, but a curse and a deep source of stress to the workaholic?
People also seem pretty divided about their attitude to working hours. A vocal and vociferous group laments our slavish dedication to work. The long-hours culture they insist is destroying health, happiness, family life.
But there are, and have always been, those who more than love their work: the workaholic who (apparently) loves going to work, and staying there unhealthily long hours. Are they to be pitied or admired, hired or fired, counselled or cancelled?
There is evidence (mainly from blue collar workers) that long hours are bad for both the individual and the company, with poor physical and mental health, accidents and poor decisions result. Some empirical data suggested that a 60-hour week increased accidents by a third.
But serious City jobs demand well over 60 hours. For years one may be expected to put in more than 80 hours a week simply to keep up with job demands. And this does not include working while commuting and WFH.
The stress of long hours, of course, does depend on the job and the tasks required.
Stress model
The demand/control stress model is simple to grasp and very important.
It differentiates between demands such as being (exactly) on time, effort, concentration, and control over when, how and where you work.
So we have the best (low demands, high control); passive (low on both); active (high on both); and the worst (high demands, low control). In the latter high-strain jobs, overtime is a requirement.
The workaholic can be in any category, but what distinguishes them is their choice to work long hours even when the demand for it is not great.
In order to 'come down' quickly they may abuse alcohol and eat erratically and badly. They see less of friends and family who may be their best source of social support and who turn quite quickly into a major additional source of stress.
But try telling that to the highly committed, achievement-oriented, dedicated worker. Precisely why do some people appear to work so hard so happily?
There seem to be four motives for voluntary long hours and hard work:
- Work as its own reward: work as fun, pleasure, intrinsically satisfying, captivating.
- Work as emotional respite from home: a (relatively) calm, undemanding place of emotional stability, predictability and order compared to the very opposite at home.
- Work-leisure trade off where you have to work hard to earn the money needed to spend on expensive, but ultimately very satisfying, leisure.
- Social contagion where everyone around works incredibly long hours making it seem quite normal.
Workaholics can be obsessive-compulsive, perfectionistic or achievement-oriented. The first two have problems, the last less so. In essence then, one can be an adjusted, happy functional workaholic (rather rare) or the sad, dysfunctional, angry, unhappy type.
Enthusiast vs addict
But when is a heavy worker a workaholic? It is the same definitional problem with alcohol. At what point, and with what behaviours, is it thought of as seriously and unhealthily addictive? It could be defined in terms of amount. Say, more than 70 hours per week and you are an addict? This would make a terrifying number of us (helpless) addicts.
Others provide a more psychological definition:
- Those who devote more time, attention and thought to their work than the situation demands.
- Those who become emotionally crippled and addicted to approval, control, power and success in the workplace.
- Those with a chronic inability to regulate work habits and over-indulge in work to the exclusion of all else.
- Those compelled or driven to over-work by inner pressures, despite low enjoyment at the tasks.
Studies on workaholics showed they held various beliefs: ‘Work is about win-lose not win-win’; ‘Nice guys finish last’; ‘You prove yourself at work’. They strive against others and certain targets.
Needless to say, many workaholics have lower psychological wellbeing, poor extra-work relationships and near disastrous family functioning.
So how are they coping now when they cannot escape to the office? Is this a vision of hell both for the workaholic and his/her family? Or will it be what psychologists call 'flooding' when trying to deal with phobias: expose people to their worst nightmares and show them that they can cope.
The work enthusiast is different from the work addict. The latter have lower self-esteem and feel they need to prove themselves. They believe their organisation disapproves of a good work-life balance. They feel driven. They work in ways that increase work stress for themselves and others.
So, should we have clinics, drying out centres for recovering workaholics? Should we sit round in circles supporting each other to do 'one day at a time'? Should we swear to be home at 18.00, laptop-less and baby-bath-oriented? Should we condemn the workaholic and tax overtime?
Perhaps this is a perfect time to do a natural experiment, to see how self-confessed or denying workaholics are coping under the new regime.
More importantly how are friends/family and cohabiters adjusting to the presence of the workaholic? Will this be a perfect drying out time? Answers on a postcard.
Adrian Furnham is a professor of psychology in the department of leadership and organisational behaviour at the Norwegian Business School
